--- Logica Matematica Tablas De Verdad Ejercicios Resueltos -

✅ All final values are → Contradiction . Exercise 9: Logical Equivalence Problem: Verify that ( \neg (p \land q) \equiv \neg p \lor \neg q ) (De Morgan’s Law).

1. Introduction Mathematical logic is the foundation of all reasoning in mathematics and computer science. A truth table is a systematic way to list all possible truth values (True or False, often denoted as ( V ) or ( F ), or ( 1 ) and ( 0 )) of a logical proposition based on the truth values of its components. --- Logica Matematica Tablas De Verdad Ejercicios Resueltos

| ( p ) | ( \neg p ) | ( p \land \neg p ) | |--------|--------------|----------------------| | V | F | F | | F | V | F | ✅ All final values are → Contradiction

| ( p ) | ( q ) | ( p \to q ) | ( q \to p ) | ( (p \to q) \lor (q \to p) ) | |--------|--------|--------------|--------------|-------------------------------| | V | V | V | V | V | | V | F | F | V | V | | F | V | V | F | V | | F | F | V | V | V | Introduction Mathematical logic is the foundation of all

| ( p ) | ( q ) | ( p \leftrightarrow q ) | |--------|--------|---------------------------| | V | V | V | | V | F | F | | F | V | F | | F | F | V | Problem: Build the truth table for ( (p \lor q) \to \neg r ).

| ( p ) | ( q ) | ( r ) | ( p \lor q ) | ( \neg r ) | ( (p \lor q) \to \neg r ) | |--------|--------|--------|----------------|--------------|-----------------------------| | V | V | V | V | F | F | | V | V | F | V | V | V | | V | F | V | V | F | F | | V | F | F | V | V | V | | F | V | V | V | F | F | | F | V | F | V | V | V | | F | F | V | F | F | V (F → F = V) | | F | F | F | F | V | V (F → V = V) | Problem: Show that ( (p \to q) \lor (q \to p) ) is a tautology (always true).

✅ All final values are → Tautology . Exercise 8: Check if Contradiction Problem: Show that ( p \land \neg p ) is a contradiction (always false).