For precise algebraic form, consult the (section “Key lemma” or “Key polynomial”) or the final paper: “Density Hales-Jewett and Moser numbers” (2012).
or more combinatorially:
Prior proofs gave extremely weak bounds (e.g., Ackermann-type or tower-of-exponentials). Polymath 6.1 sought to reduce the tower height. polymath 6.1 key
But the actual breakthrough came from (e.g., $\mathbbF_3^n$). A specific “key polynomial” used in the density increment argument was:
[ P(\mathbfx) = \sum_i=1^n \omega^x_i \quad \text(where $\omega$ is a primitive 3rd root of unity) ] For precise algebraic form, consult the (section “Key
Let $x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n$ be variables in $0,1,2$ (or $\mathbbF_3$). Consider:
Existing approaches involved iterating a “density increment” step, but each step reduced the dimension dramatically. The key polynomial helped track density increments more efficiently. 4. Specifics of the “Key Polynomial” While Polymath 6.1 did not name one single polynomial “the key,” the following polynomial (or its variants) played the central role: But the actual breakthrough came from (e
[ Q(x) = \sum_i<j (x_i - x_j)^2 ]
[ \textKey function: f(x) = \text(# of 0's) - \text(# of 1's) \quad \textmod something? ]