And Solutions — Spherical Astronomy Problems

: At rising, altitude ( a=0 ). Formula: [ \cos A = \frac\sin \delta\cos \varphi \quad \text(for rising/setting, ignoring refraction) ] Here ( \varphi = -35^\circ) (south), (\delta = -20^\circ). [ \cos A = \frac\sin(-20^\circ)\cos(-35^\circ) = \frac-0.34200.8192 = -0.4175 ] [ A \approx 114.7^\circ \ \textor \ 245.3^\circ ] Rising azimuth measured from north through east: (A=114.7^\circ) from N → E=90°, S=180°, so 114.7° is east of north? Wait, 114.7° from north is past east (90°) toward south, i.e., SE. But in southern hemisphere, object with negative declination rises in SE? Actually for southern hemisphere, north is toward equator? Let’s check convention: If ( \varphi=-35^\circ), formula holds if A from north clockwise. Rising: (\cos A) negative → A>90° and <270°. For southern hemisphere, a star with negative dec rises north of east? Let’s test: (\delta=-20^\circ, \varphi=-35^\circ), star closer to south celestial pole? No, -20° dec is 20° north of south celestial pole? Actually dec -20° means 20° south of equator. In south latitude 35°S, equator is north. So star -20° is north of observer? Let's reason: Zenith dec = -35°. Star dec -20° is 15° north of zenith, so star crosses meridian north of zenith. Rising azimuth = 114.7° from north = 180-114.7=65.3° from east toward south? That seems wrong. Let’s use simpler: For rising, azimuth = ( \cos^-1(\sin\delta / \cos\varphi)). For (\varphi) negative south, (\cos\varphi) positive. If (\delta) negative, numerator negative, (\cos A) negative → A in 90-270°. Rising means star appears at east side? In south hemisphere, rising happens in east (90° from north) only for dec 0. For dec negative, rising is north of east? No: For (\varphi=-35^\circ), the celestial equator is at 35° altitude north. Dec -20° is 20° south of equator → crossing horizon at azimuth: Use formula (A = 90° + \sin^-1(\cos\delta \sin H / \cos a))... better: Known result: azimuth of rising = ( \cos^-1(\sin\delta / \cos\varphi)) giving 114.7° from N means 114.7-90=24.7° south of east? Actually east is 90°, so 114.7° is 24.7° past east toward south → SE. Correct: In southern hemisphere, a star with dec -20° rises in SE and sets in SW.

: Use spherical triangle (zenith, north celestial pole, star). Transformation from horizon ((a, A)) to equatorial ((\delta, H)): [ \sin \delta = \sin \varphi \sin a + \cos \varphi \cos a \cos A ] First compute (\delta): [ \sin \delta = \sin 30^\circ \sin 45^\circ + \cos 30^\circ \cos 45^\circ \cos 120^\circ ] [ = (0.5 \times 0.7071) + (0.8660 \times 0.7071 \times -0.5) ] [ = 0.35355 - 0.3062 = 0.04735 \quad \Rightarrow \quad \delta \approx 2.71^\circ ] Now compute (H) from cosine formula: [ \cos a \sin A = \cos \delta \sin H ] [ \cos 45^\circ \sin 120^\circ = \cos 2.71^\circ \sin H ] [ 0.7071 \times 0.8660 = 0.999 \times \sin H ] [ 0.6124 = \sin H \quad \Rightarrow \quad H \approx 37.8^\circ \text or 142.2^\circ ] Choose based on azimuth: (A=120^\circ) → star in SE, hour angle positive (west of meridian) if before transit? For (A>90^\circ) and (A<180^\circ), star is west of meridian but setting? Actually, if ( \delta < \varphi), rule of thumb: (H) between 0 and 180 for (A>90^\circ). So (H \approx 142^\circ)? Let’s check with another formula: [ \tan H = \frac\sin A\cos A \sin \varphi + \tan a \cos \varphi ] [ \tan H = \frac\sin 120^\circ\cos 120^\circ \sin 30^\circ + \tan 45^\circ \cos 30^\circ = \frac0.8660(-0.5)(0.5) + (1)(0.8660) ] [ = \frac0.8660-0.25 + 0.8660 = \frac0.86600.6160 \approx 1.406 ] [ H \approx 54.6^\circ \ (\textor 234.6^\circ) ] Inconsistency? Sign check: ( \tan H) positive → (H) in Q1 or Q3. But (A=120^\circ) (Q2) and (\tan a) positive → consistent with (H) between 0 and 180? Need to examine quadrant: Actually second formula gives correct (H) = 54.6° (since (\cos H) positive from (\cos H = (\sin a - \sin\varphi \sin\delta)/(\cos\varphi\cos\delta))). Let’s compute: (\sin a = 0.7071, \sin\varphi=0.5, \sin\delta=0.04735, \cos\varphi=0.8660, \cos\delta=0.999) (\cos H = (0.7071 - 0.5 0.04735)/(0.8660 0.999) = (0.7071 - 0.02368)/0.865 = 0.6834/0.865 = 0.790) → (H \approx 37.8^\circ) (since (\sin H=0.612), H≈37.8°). Yes! So earlier sin H gave 37.8°, not 142°. So correct (H \approx 37.8^\circ) (west of meridian, since A=120° means star in SE but before meridian? Actually 37.8° west means star 2.5 hours west of meridian, azimuth >90° plausible for afternoon). spherical astronomy problems and solutions

: Rising azimuth ≈ 114.7° from north (or 65.3° from east toward south). 5. Problem Type 4: Time of Sunrise (Solar Declination Known) Problem : Observer at (\varphi = 52^\circ N), date = June 21 ((\delta_\odot = +23.5^\circ)). Find sunrise hour angle. : At rising, altitude ( a=0 )

: ( H \approx 38^\circ ). 4. Problem Type 3: Rising/Setting Azimuth Problem : Latitude ( \varphi = 35^\circ S), declination ( \delta = -20^\circ). Find azimuth of rising. Wait, 114